BEYOND SHARIA AND SECULARISM: Political Pluralism and Multiculturalism in the Concept of Dār al-Mīthāq

Ahmad Musadad, Ahmad Agus Ramdlany, Yasid Yasid, Mochamad Syaifudin

Abstract


The relationship between religion and the state in Indonesia remains a perennial hot topic, never growing stale over time. This study examines the nexus between religion and the state through the lens of political pluralism and multicul­tu­ralism, focusing on the dār al-Mīthāq concept put forward by Ma’ruf Amin. The urgency of this research arises from Indonesia’s diverse socio-political dynamics and the threat of extremist ideologies endangering national unity. Employing a qualitative method with a normative-analytical approach, the study draws on library research and the analysis of both historical and contemporary documents. The findings demons­trate that dār al-mīthāq constructs a covenant-based constitutional framework that redefines the state as a religious­ly grounded consensus, integrating faith, justice, and tolerance within a plural society while simultaneously revealing its limitation as a form of normative multiculturalism that insuffi­ciently addresses structural inequality and recognition gaps. These results underscore that applying the principles of political pluralism can serve as a strategic solution to ideolo­gical conflicts, while requiring a shift toward critical multicul­tu­ralism to ensure substantive equality and inclusive participation.

Keywords


Critical multiculturalism; dār al-mīthāq; national consensus; political pluralism; religious moderation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdillah, Masykuri. “Aktualisasi Islam dan Keindonesiaan Dalam Konteks Ideologi Negara Pancasila.” Himmah: Jurnal Kajian Islam Kontemporer 4, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.47313/jkik.v4i1. 1100

Abdi, S. “Negotiating Islam, Democracy and Pluralism: Islamic Politics and the State in Post-Reform Indonesia.” Mazahib Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam 24, no. 1 (2025): 101–30. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v24i1.10078.

Afiyanti, Yati, and Imami Nur Rachmawati. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Dalam Riset Keperawatan. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2014.

Ahmad, Hamdi Putra. “Relasi Ideo-Historis Antara Hukum Negara Dan Hukum Islam Di Indonesia.” In Rigth: Jurnal Agama Dan Hak Azazi Manusia 11, no. 1 (2022): 1. https://doi.org/10.14421/inright.v11i1.1779.

Ahyar, Muzayyin, and Alfitri. “Aksi Bela Islam: Islamic Clicktivism and the New Authority of Religious Propaganda in the Millennial Age Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 2019. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i1.

Amin, Ma’ruf. Empat Bingkai Kerukunan Nasional. Banten: Yayasan An-Nawawi, 2013.

Asroni, Ahmad. “Pemikiran K.H. Wahid Hasyim Tentang Relasi Islam Dan Negara.” Living Islam: Journal of Islamic Discourses 3, no. 2 (2021): 2621–6590.

Asy’ari, Hasyim. “Relasi Negara Dan Agama Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 37, no. 1 (2014): 60–67.

Ayunda, Aretsa Zana et.al. “Tantangan Multikulturalisme Di Indonesia: Menyoal Relasi Agama Dan Ruang Publik.” Alsys: Jurnal Keislaman Dan Ilmu Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (2022) https://doi.org/10.58578/alsys.v2i1.138.

Dahlan, Moh. “Hubungan Agama Dan Negara Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Politik Profetik 41, no. 1 (2014): 1–28.

Darojat, Zakiyah. “Probematika Agama Dan Negara: Perspektif Sejarah.” Buletin Al-Turas 25, no. 1 (2019): 75–91. https://doi.org/10.15408/bat.v25i1.8682.

Faisal, Ismail. “Religion, State, and Ideology in Indonesia: A Historical Account of the Acceptance of Pancasila As the Basis of Indonesian State.” Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 1, no. 2 (2018): 19–58. https://doi.org/10.20885/ ijiis.vol1.iss2.art2.

Fajri, Nuril. “Diskursus Kontestasi Agama Dan Negara: Reposisi Tauhid Sosial Dan Nilai-Nilai Pancasila.” Jurnal Sosiologi Agama 14, no. 1 (2020): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2020.141-01.

Fauzan, Pepen Irpan, and Ahmad Khoirul Fata. “Model Penerapan Syariah Dalam Negara Modern (Studi Kasus Arab Saudi, Iran, Turki, Dan Indonesia).” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 12, no. 1 (2018): 51–70. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v12i1. 1328.

Fauzi, Agus. “Agama, Pancasia Dan Konflik Sosial Di Indonesia.” Lentera Hukum 4, no. 2 (2017): 98–106.

Harususilo, Johanes Enggar. “UNJ Bedah Buku ‘Darul Misaq’ Ma’ruf Amin: Jalan Tengah Pandangan Islam Dan NKRI.” Kompas.com, 2021.

Hasan, Hamsah. “Hubungan Islam Dan Negara: Merespons Wacana Politik Islam Kontemporer Di Indonesia.” Al-Ahkam 1, no. 25 (2015): 19. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2015.1.25.192.

Hasan, Nor. “Agama Dan Kekuasaan Politik Negara.” Karsa: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Keislaman 22, no. 2 (2015): 260. https://doi.-org/10.19105/karsa.v22i2.532.

Irawan, Rahmat Edi et.al. Darul Mitsaq Indonesia Negara Kesepakatan Pandangan Prof. Dr. (HC) KH. Ma’ruf Amin. Jakarta: UNJ Press, 2021.

Ishak, Nurfaika, and Romalina Ranaivo Mikea Manitra. “Constitutional Religious Tolerance in Realizing the Protection of Human Rights in Indonesia.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 2, no. 1 (2022): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.53955/ jhcls.v2i1.24.

Jafar, Iftitah and Mudzhira Nur Amrullah. “Dakwah Relasi Agama (Studi Preliminari Berbasisi Al-Qur’an).” Jurnal Dakwah Tabligh 20, no. 1 (2019): 145. https://doi.org/10.24252/jdt.v20i1.9609.

Jufri, A. “Konsepsi Politik Islam Dan Realitas Relasi Islam Dan Negara Di Indonesia Pascareformasi.” Farabi: Jurnal Pemikiran Konstruktif Bidang Filsafat Dan Dakwah 18, no. 2 (2018): 42–55.

Kunawi Basyir. “Ideologi Gerakan Politik Islam Di Indonesia.” Al-Tahrir 16 (2016): 1–24.

Maksum, Ali. “Discourses on Islam And Democracy in Indonesia: A Study on the Intellectual Debate between Liberal Islam Network (JIL) and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI).” Journal of Indonesian Islam 11, no. 02 (2017): 405–22.

Manan, Bagir, Ali Abdurahman, and Mei Susanto. “Pembangunan Hukum Nasional Yang Religius: Konsepsi Dan Tantangan Dalam Negara Berdasarkan Pancasila.” Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 2021. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v5i2.303.

Minardi, Anton. “The New Islamic Revivalism In Indonesia Accommodationist and Confrontationist.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 12, no. 2 (2018): 247–64. https://doi.org/10.15642/ JIIS.2018.12.2.247-264.

Misrawi, Zuhairi. Madinah: Kota Suci, Piagam Madinah, Dan Teladan Muhammad SAW. Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara, 2009.

Muhadjir, Noeng. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin, 1998.

Muntoha, Muntoha. “Religion and State Relation in Perspective of Indonesian Islamic Organization in Reformation Era.” Millah XII, no. 2 (2016): 579–92. https://doi.org/10.20885/ millah.volxii.iss2.art12.

Na’imah, Hayatun and Bahjatul Mardhiah. “Perda Berbasis Syariah Dan Hubungan Negara-Agama Dalam Perspektif Pancasila.” Mazahib: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam XV, no. 2 (2016): 151–67.

Ni’am, Syamsun. “Islam, Moderation, and Prospects Indonesian Islamic Education for the World.” In Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of Islamic Education (ACIE 2022), 161–91. Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-044-2_17.

Ni’am, Syamsun and Anin Nurhayati. “Pemikiran Kebangsaan K.H. Achmad Siddiq Dan Implikasinya Dalam Memantapkan Idiologi Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Negara Di Indonesia.” Akademika: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 2018. https://doi.org/10.32332/ akademika.v23i2.1106.

Patittingi, Farida, Irwansyah Irwansyah, Muhammad Hasrul, Muhammad Ilham Arisaputra, and Ahsan Yunus. “Relasi Negara Dan Agama Dalam Peraturan Daerah Bernuansa Syariah: Perspektif Pancasila.” Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan 01, no. 01 (2021): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.52738/pjk.v1i1.1.

Ravico. “Dinamika Relasi Islam Dan Negara: Tinjauan Terhadap Kelompok Modernis Dan Neo Medernis.” Ampera: A Research Journal on Politics and Islamic Civilization 3, no. 02 (2022): 92–101. https://doi.org/10.19109/ampera.v3i02.11984.

Ridho, Muhammad Izul and Robiah Solehah. “Relasi Islam Dan Negara Perspektif Kiai Haji Ahmad Siddiq Jember.” Mozaic: Islamic Studies Journal 01, no. 01 (2022): 1–11.

Rumadi, Rumadi. “Speaking the Unspeakable: The Status of ‘Non-Muslims’ in Indonesia Speaking the Unspeakable: The Status of "Non-Muslims in Indonesia.” Samarah Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam Vol. 6 No. (2023): 734–56. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.13576.

Salim, Arskal. Challenging the Secular State: The Islamization of Law in Modern Indonesia (2008). https://doi.org/10.5860/ choice.46-6446.

Saumantri, Theguh. “The Harmonization of Religion and The State: A Study of The Indonesia Context.” Jurnal Studi Sosial Keagamaan Syekh Nurjati 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24235/ sejati.v2i1.11.

Sonjaya, Adang, and Budi Rahayu Diningrat. “Relasi Agama Dan Politik Di Indonesia.” JCIC 5, no. 1 (2023): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.51486/jbo.v5i1.82.

Sukiati. Metode Penelitian: Sebuah Pengantar. Medan: Manhaji, 2016.

Sukirno, Sukirno. “Posisi Agama Dalam Konstruksi Negara Republik Indonesia Berdasarkan Pancasila Dan UUD 1945.” Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia 1, no. 2 (2021): 96. https://doi.org/ 10.30588/jhcj.v1i2.920.

Syarif, Fajar. “Ijtihad Politik Nu: Negara Pancasila Adalah Negara Islam.” Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 3, no. 2 (2019): 56. https://doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v3i2.1625.

Tabroni, Roni, Mujizatullah Mujizatullah, Reslawati Reslawati, and Wardiah Hamid. “Urban Chinese Muslims And State Politics: A Historical Analysis of Chinese Muslim Citizenship in the New Order Era.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 19 (2025): 48. https://doi.org/ 10.15642/JIIS.2025.19.1.48-71.

Tamma, Sukri, and Timo Duile. “Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 2 (2020): 270–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420905967.

Thaha, Idris, Ismatu Ropi, and Saiful Umam. “Religion and the Identity of Independent Indonesia: A Study on Religious Narratives According to the Founding Fathers.” Ulumuna 28, no. 2 SE-Articles (2024). https://doi.org/ 10.20414/ujis.-v28i2.¬916.

Tsoraya, Nurul Dwi, and Masduki Asbari. “Pancasila Dan Agama: Telaah Singkat Pemikiran Yudi Latif.” Jurnal Pendidikan Transformatif 2, no. 1 (2022): 15–18.

Ubaedillah, Achmad. “The Minority and the State: Chinese Muslims in the Modern History of Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah 61, no. 1 (2023): 107–36. https://doi.org/10.14421/ ajis.2023.611.107-136.

Wahyudi, Nabila Eka Ramadhani, Nurah Nufaisah, and Erwin Kusumastuti. “Peran Agama Dalam Pembentukan Dasar Falsafah Negara Dan Membangun Keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI).” At-Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam 2, no. 1 (2021): 25–44.

Yudha, Alda Kartika. “Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif: Perbedaan, Hubungan, Dan Pandangan Ulama.” Jurnal Hukum Novelty 8, no. 2 (2017): 157. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v8i2.a7019.

Zulfiani, Yayang Nuraini, and Suwardi Maninggesa. “The Role of Religion in The Constitutions of Indonesia and Pakistan: Comparison of Islamic Constitutional Law.” Mimbar Keadilan 15, no. 2 (2022): 37–49.




DOI: 10.15642/JIIS.2025.19.2.524-545

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Indexed by:

    

Creative Commons License

View My Stats

Journal of Indonesian Islam (ISSN 1978-6301 and E-ISSN 2355-6994) is published by the Postgraduate Program (PPs) and the Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (LSAS), State Islamic University (UIN) of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Journal of Indonesian Islam by http://jiis.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/JIIs/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright ©2020 State Islamic University (UIN) of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Powered by Public Knowledge Project OJS.